1917 Russian Revolution Essay - 1114 Words

Russian Revolution Essay. Throughout history there have been many revolutions between the population of a country and its government. People always want change, usually in the directions of freedom, peace and equality and in the lead up to the 1917 Russian revolution; there were a variety of social, political and economic situations that all played their part. In the years leading up to the revolution, Russia had been involved in a series of wars. The Crimean war, The Russo-Turkish war, The Russo-Japanese war and the First World War. Russia had been defeated in all except the war with Turkey and its government and economy had the scars to prove it. A severe lack of food and poor living conditions amongst the peasant population led†¦show more content†¦Petersburg was submitted to Nicholas II. A large group had formed in front of his palace and claimed that they would let themselves be shot if the demands of the people were not met, saying, We do not regret this sacrifice, we are glad to make it. Among the demands were: The immediate release of all who have suffered for religious, political, and peasant disorders. Universal education financed by the state. Equality for everyone. The separation of church and state. Immediate freedom for consumers and trade unions. And the introduction of a minimum wage. It was the large number of these groups and the constant in-fighting amongst them that caused their strikes and protests to overthrow the Tsar to fail. The Tsar and his elite began to understand that change was required before they lost complete control. By signing the October manifesto in 1905 Tsar Nicolas II turned Russia into a constitutional monarchy, gave its citizens civil rights and gave the Duma, Russia’s parliament legislative power. It wasn’t long before the 1905 revolution had died down, when Nicholas II disbanded the Duma and violated many of the civil liberties promises in the October manifesto. As a result of the Tsar reneging on his promises, by 1917 another revolution had begun, not only to highlight the lack food and civil rights as in the 1905 revolution but also from the violations of the October manifesto. In March of 1917 workers in Petrograd went on strike. Unlike the protests of 1905, theShow MoreRelatedThe Russian Revolutions of 1917 Essay1326 Words   |  6 PagesThe Russian Revolutions of 1917 There were two revolutions that occurred in Russia in 1917. The first one, in February, overthrew the Russian monarchy. The second one, in October, created the world’s first Communist state. The Russian revolutions of 1917 involved a series of uprisings by workers and peasants throughout the country and by soldiers, who were predominantly of peasant origin, in the Russian army. Many of the uprisings were organized and led byRead MoreEssay on The Causes of the Russian Revolution in March 1917859 Words   |  4 PagesThe Causes of the Russian Revolution in March 1917 There were many causes to explain the outbreak of the Russian Revolution in March 1917. Some of these can be defined as long term causes as their origin goes way back to pre-revolutionary times. Others are short-term reasons or even immediate effects, which act as the last spark, to bring the tense situation out of control. In this essay I will be looking at some of these long and short-term causes in more detail. Read MoreEssay on The Russian Revolution in March 19171586 Words   |  7 PagesThe Russian Revolution in March 1917 There where many reasons that led to the fall of tsarism in march 1917. One of them was tsars incompetence and the fact that he was incapable of finding effective ministers, or of supporting those he appointed. He listened not to the Dumas advises but to his wife, friends and favorites. One friend was particularly disliked, the unsavory Rasputin. His name was Gregory Efimovitch but most people called him Rasputin, the immortalRead MoreThe Beginning Causes of the Russian Revolution of 1917 Essay509 Words   |  3 PagesThe Russian Revolution of 1917 is a collective term for two so-called revolutions—one in February and one in October—that occurred in Russia in 1917, which dismantled the Tsarist autocratic regime and led to the creation of the Soviet Union and, ultimately, several decades of communist dominance. While the world â€Å"revolution† is often used to encompass events in both February and October in 1917, only the first actually merits the name. The February Revolution was a mass spontaneous event that overthrewRead MoreThe Russian Revolution Of 1917943 Words   |  4 PagesThe Russian Revolution of 1917 was an event that many historians have offered different perspectives on, as it was the start of a regime that greatly impacted the history of totalitarianism. Though much went on during 1917, the February Revolution and the fall of Tsarist regime was an even t that created dialogue and prompted historians to pose perspectives as to what factors contributed to the Russian Monarchy ending in catastrophe. Many of these perspectives are focused on personalities. Some historiansRead MoreDefining the Concept of Revolution804 Words   |  3 PagesRevolution Revolutions are events that consists of so many different struggles, challenges, bloodshed, complications as well as victory. Revolution refers to a fundamental change in power or governmental structures thats takes place in a comparatively short period of time. Revolutions have been taking place throughout most of human history. Many of these revolutions have its simmilarites and differences. This essay will focus on the Russian Revolution with the help of discussing two theoreticalRead MoreWhy The Winter Of 1916-17 Was The Final Straw For The People Of Russia999 Words   |  4 Pagesfew days in February 1917, Tsarist Russia came to an end. The Romanov family, who had ruled Russia since the 17th century, were overthrown and the monarchy crumbled. Traditional historian Bernard Pares argues that incompetent ministers and weaknesses of Nicholas II is to blame. While traditionalist historian Edmund Walsh blames the incompetence of the Tsarina and her mysticism beliefs. There are ho wever many factors contributing to the Russian revolution of February 1917, such as: World War 1Read MoreOctober Revolution and Animal Farm1439 Words   |  6 Pagesof the novel and to this website http://www.k-1.com/Orwell/site/opinion/essays/rhodi.html 1. What was George Orwell’s personal experience of Stalin’s government, and how did this experience become the motivation/basis for Animal Farm? It was a very negative experience with Stalin’s government, which was supporting Totalitarianism. He wrote Animal Farm in order to show the people about the facts of the Russian Revolution and Stalin rise to power. 2. In what year was Animal Farm first publishedRead MoreWas Lenin More Significant for His Actions in 1917 or for His Subsequent Actions from 1918 to 1924?1338 Words   |  6 Pagesactions in 1917 or for his subsequent actions from 1918 to 1924? Lenin was a Russian revolutionary and was best known for being one of the main leaders of the October Revolution in 1917 and the first head of the Russian Soviet Socialist Republic. But was Lenin more significant for his actions in 1917 or his subsequent actions from 1918 to 1924? That is the question I will be exploring in this essay and I will be thinking of all of his actions in the mentioned years. Lenin s main role in 1917 wasRead MoreFebruary Revolution: Causes1326 Words   |  6 PagesIB1 HISTORY HL DATE:27/02/2013 PAPER 3 ESSAY: CAUSES OF THE FEBRUARY REVOLUTION (1917)
                      
        

      The February Revolution of 1917 was first of the two revolutions in Russia in 1917, the revolution which began the transformation of the country.

American Funerals - 1689 Words

Student Name Tutor Course 2 May 2014 A Re-look at the America Funeral Process Funerals are some of the most difficult activities for most individuals to experience, especially when they involve the death of a loved one. Over the years, there has grown a common and yet distinct American custom when it comes to how funerals are perceived and conducted (James 348). However, most Americans still hold unto the traditional funerals as opposed to modern ones. Unfortunately, the American funeral customs put a lot of more emphasis on some activities that turn out to be very costly. Worst of all, the economic burden that this traditions put on the bereaved families is even more detrimental. Most of the old folks are the greatest defenders†¦show more content†¦Identified by the majority as funeral directors† in America, these specialists have transformed the twentieth-century experience of death and body disposal. On the flip side though, this does not mean that they have made things any easier. Since the funeral expense plans have become a part of the American funeral custom, here is a look at how this plans may not be a good investment after all. First of all, such plans usually accord the client negligible interest of their money, and in some cases the interest goes into their pockets therefore meaning that they do not over individual the control of the money they have invested in them (Nash). Secondly, the funeral plans will always cost more than they claim that it will cost for them to offer their services fully during the death of an individual. In that regard, I would like to point out that this is my utmost to both funeral homes and American funerals since the two are intertwined. According to Nash , most commercial on American televisions currently advertise the services of funeral plans, saying that it costs just around $6,000 for and individual to get a full cover. However, this is a huge lie. This could have been true a few decades ago, not today. When factoring in additional expenses that funeral plans do not often disclose, the total figure of an entire funeral process ends up doubling. NashShow MoreRelatedAmerican Funerals1658 Words   |  7 PagesMay 2014 A Re-look at the America Funeral Process Funerals are some of the most difficult activities for most individuals to experience, especially when they involve the death of a loved one. Over the years, there has grown a common and yet distinct American custom when it comes to how funerals are perceived and conducted (James 348). However, most Americans still hold unto the traditional funerals as opposed to modern ones. Unfortunately, the American funeral customs put a lot of more emphasisRead MoreThe Old Man Isnt Here Anymore Essay705 Words   |  3 PagesReading of : The Old Man Isn’t There Anymore By Kellie Schmitt 1. Schmitt’s purpose in writing this travel narrative, is to show the differences between the Chinese and American cultures, when it comes to many different things. Main examples in this narrative are; living under the same roof, loss of a loved one, and funeral etiquette. In the Chinese culture it is excepted to come into common areas in your under clothing. Where in America, this would not be appropriate at all. In most places inRead MoreThe Body On The Day Of A Person s Death1663 Words   |  7 Pagessome areas of India, it has become a normal practice to dispose of a person’s body after funeral rites. At the Ganges River, more than hundred bodies (including women and children) were found washed up due to families being unable to pay for cremation. It is Indian custom to not cremate unwed girls, and some do believe that giving her a water burial would ensure her rebirth (Gayle, AFP and Reuters). Funeral rites serve as a purpose to notify the departed that they did die. Some believe that it isRead MoreHow do We Say our Last Good Byes in Mexico and in India Essay968 Words   |  4 Pagesmourning period in Mexico is called the â€Å"novenario.† After the burial, the intermediate family and friends will decide where to pray for nine days. After the â€Å"Rosario† the family provides refreshments. Second, Indian Hindu funerals are different than Mexican Christians funerals. Hindus usually cremate dead bodies. According to Lobar, Sandra , JoAnne Youngblut, and Dorothy Brooten ,†when a Hindu dies his or her body is massaged, bathed in oils and dressed in new clothes, then is cremated; this willRead MoreCountless Cultures Can Be Compared And Contrasted By Their1828 Words   |  8 Pagespeople are mourning over the death of another human being. During a funeral, many steps are taking before and after the service. Before the funeral service, people, usually family members, check to see if the deceased body was taken care of in a process called the visitation. The companion of the one that has passed away checks if the body is well dressed and portrayed in a presentable way if the funeral is an open casket funeral. In a closed casket ceremony, the casket is closed so that people cannotRead MoreEmily Dickinson s Writing Style1191 Words   |  5 PagesEmily Dickinson was one o f the many famous American poets whose work was published in the 19th century. Her writing style was seen as unconventional due to her use of â€Å"dashes and syntactical fragments†(81), which was later edited out by her original publishers. These fragmented statements and dashes were added to give emphasis to certain lines and subjects to get her point across. Even though Emily Dickinson was thought to be a recluse, she wrote descriptive, moving poems on death, religion, andRead MoreFuneral Service Workers And Funeral Services980 Words   |  4 Pagesalso known as a undertaker, is a professional involved in the business of funeral rites. These tasks often are the dressing and burial or cremation of the dead, as well as the planning and arrangement of the actual funeral ceremony. Together with the family, funeral service workers establish the locations, dates, and times of the visitations (wakes), funerals or memorial services, burials, and cremations. They handle other details asRead MoreFinancial Report of Loewen Group Inc.3842 Words   |  16 Pagesheadquarters in North America, one in Burnaby, British Colombia and a second in Cincinnati, Ohio. Loewen Group Inc. (L.G.I.) is the largest funeral services enterprise in Canada and is the second largest company in the North American Funeral Services Industry. L.G.I. owns 918 funeral homes and 269 cemeteries and also engages in the pre-need selling of funeral services including cemetery and cremation services. The company strives on respecting its Eagle Principle, which is displayed on the firstRead MoreRyan Funeral Home Case Study2426 Words   |  10 PagesRYAN FUNERAL HOME CASE INTRODUCTION On a warm Chicago evening in August 2005, Regina Ryan leaned back in an overstuffed armchair in her brightly lit apartment above Ryan Funeral Home. Seventy-five years old and a widow, Regina smiled as she looked at the sons and daughters gathered before her: Maureen, Patrick, Sean, Brendan, Conner, and Siobhan. Finally she spoke: â€Å"Your father was proud to own his own funeral home. He built this from nothing to what it is today. By serving local familiesRead MoreIs the Funeral Industry Affected by Recession2343 Words   |  10 PagesHow the funeral industry is being impacted and changed by the Global Recession? Benjamin Franklin’s old adage â€Å"in this world nothing can be said to be certain except death and taxes† has never been truer. However, if he was around today he might change his spelling of â€Å"death† to â€Å"debt†. Taxes in Ireland have increased recently and the forthcoming emergency budget looks certain to bring further misery to the population. So while governments are busy collecting whatever taxes they can, people are still

Ironing as a Window Essay Example For Students

Ironing as a Window Essay 1. The story is addressed to one of several well-meaning persons (a teacher?) who nudge the mother with implied criticism (she doesnt take enough time; she doesnt smile enough at Emily). But the larger implied you is people in general, including us as readers, whose disapproving, uncomprehending looks make her try to explain, to justify herself, to come to terms with the past. 2. By the age of eighteen the narrator had married, had a child, been deserted by the father, and forced into a succession of menial jobs forcing her to thwart the childs need for security and affection. There is the sour smell of poverty. There is a strong sense of being trapped, of being helpless while bitterly aware that the economic plight of the parent is stunting the childs development. A sense of guilt (remembering the clogged weeping of a child abandoned during the day by her working mother) struggles with the sense of having done the best under the circumstances. 3. Ironically, the well-meaning teacher and old man are of no real help, any more than the irresponsible absconding father. 4. The mother is bitter toward institutions that are insensitive to the real needs of those they serve. The mother calls nursery schools parking places for children where they suffer the fatigue of the long day, and the laceration of group life. Children who are victimized by other children are ridiculed by the teachers. The convalescent home is superficially in good order, with well-tended grounds, children wearing bright bows, and sleek young women from the society pages holding festive fund-raisers. However, the reality behind the facade is that of a prison: Rules are rigidly enforced. Children see their parents from a high balcony; they are allowed no personal belongings (not even letters); the poor food makes them lose weight. Emily changes radically there: I used to try to hold and love her after she came back, but her body would stay stiff, and after a while shed push away.Food sickened her, and I think much of life too. The schools Emily attends later reward the glib and quic k, and since Emily is neither, the overworked and exasperated teachers label (and neglect) her as a slow learner.5. Emily was thin and dark and foreign-looking when every little girl was supposed to look or thought she should look like Shirley Temple. She grows up with deep-seated fears and with an inability to make friends. She has been branded a slow learner and tries to escape the trauma of school by feigning illness. She bears a corroding resentment toward her sister Susan who is everything in appearance and manner Emily is not. Her gifts show when on the stage she experiences for a time the recognition and approval she has long been denied. The mother recognizes and blames herself for her natural preference for the more attractive, more outgoing younger child. 6. The resentment against harsh, unfeeling, repressive institutions and the feeling of bitterness at being forced to seem lacking in love give the story a strong emotional force. 7. The attitude is one of acceptance of lowered expectations rather than of militancy and rebellion. The child has been denied her full potential (like many others); the mothers hope is that Emily will make the best of what she has. The attitude of resignation is one that the story has led up to with many minor and major defeats and disappointments. 8. This story is an example of tightly defined limited point of view. During most of the story, we seem to be limited to the mothers perceptions and explanations. For example, the representatives of the institutions never have a chance to present their side of the story or to defend themselves against the mothers charges. Bibliography:

Should Huck Finn Be Banned in Schools Huckleberry Finn Should Not Be Banned Essay

Introduction On several occasions, schools have challenged and banned the book The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn for its use of racial characterization and slang forthwith. The fictitious novel, written by Mark Twain, entails a story of a Negro slave and a white boy, whose journey downriver Mississippi regards a tale of two boys coming of age.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Should Huck Finn Be Banned in Schools? Huckleberry Finn Should Not Be Banned Essay specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More After its publication and release in 1876, the book generated controversy in the world of literature that remains today because of its ‘inappropriate’ nature from a conservative viewpoint. It made teaching and reading the book controversial. This led to its banning in schools in the United States many times. But should Huck Finn be banned in schools? In spite of the controversy The Adventures of Huckleberr y Finn generates, its hidden values support the use of this book in schools and prove the point it should not be among banned books. Indeed, the censorship of this book only blocks children from learning the history that surrounds the pre-Civil War and slavery. In this context, the conservative views with regard to this novel hurt the American education system as it blocks children from understanding the origin of the American Civil War and slavery. Its banning stemmed from a supposed inappropriateness of the language used in the book at the time. However, for students today, understanding the use of the word â€Å"nigger† by Huck Finn, considered inappropriate and an insult at the time, would enable students to learn from the past and get used to offensive words in classrooms and social settings. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn language and characterization represent the context of America’s pre-Civil War era and slavery. Racism in The Adventures of Huckleberry Fin n Those who vote for the reasons why Huck Finn should not be taught in schools always mention the theme of racism.The banning of the Huckleberry Finn because of its racial characterization only results in racial lines between authorities and the parents. Eventually, the students fail to learn how to deal with offensive language references in a sensitive manner. The wide variety of racial groups present in American schools today means that racial lines often occur, and sometimes students cross them unknowingly. Twain’s novel racial characterization regards the use of the word â€Å"nigger† throughout the book and forms the reason for its banning from the use in schools (Twain 14.56). However, though many schools decided not to teach the book, Twain’s classic novel should remain on the list of books used in school teaching. Teaching the challenges of racialism will help place this novel into a contextual timeline in American history and enable students and readers to understand the reasons behind its censorship.Advertising Looking for research paper on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The central theme in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn goes beyond race. The classic American novel highlights the coming together of races or people who historically could not coexist. The book illustrates loyalty that transcends any racial and social desegregation and hence, an urgent universal theme to teach to students. The language used in the novel, though inappropriate at the time, can help students today to understand and appreciate the depth of characterization in classic literature. The character Huck Finn’s usage of the word â€Å"nigger† (n-word) contextually bore no racial meaning during the pre-Civil War and slavery periods. The word â€Å"nigger† only became inappropriate in public communication at the turn of the 19th century as such an insult (Car ey-Webb 25). Students cannot learn from the past, especially the wrongs of the past, and subsequently change the future if the past remains blocked from them. Mark Twain presented this novel in a way that condemns slavery and racism present at the time in American society. A runaway slave, Jim, gets assistance from a young boy, Huckleberry Finn and his friend Tom. Although Huck regularly used the word â€Å"niggers† in the novel when referring to Jim and other African-Americans, he profoundly respected him and on several occasions, saved him from the return to slavery camps. For instance, Huck makes an incredible decision when he tears his letter to Miss Watson that revealed Jim’s whereabouts; â€Å"I was a trembling, because I’d got to decide, forever, betwixt two things†¦and then I says to myself: ‘All right, then, I’ll go to hell’†¦and never thought no more about reforming† (Twain 162). In light of deep racialism at the ti me, Huck Finn’s actions went against the standard expectations and as such, a positive role model in multi-racial school settings (Schulten 57). In addition, the other white characters in this novel remain depicted in a negative way compared to Jim. For instance, Huck’s father, Pap, abuses alcohol while the King and the Duke engage in many malicious swindles. These depictions show that Twain’s use of the word â€Å"nigger† when referring to Jim and African-Americans contained no racist or demeaning intent to the black population and could not be considered a racial slur. It shows the harshness of Southern life and the experiences underwent by black people in the pre-Civil War era which is the reason to keep the book in schools.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Should Huck Finn Be Banned in Schools? Huckleberry Finn Should Not Be Banned Essay specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Th e book highlights essential lessons regarding racialism and social values and this is one of the reasons why The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn should not be banned. Its main character, Huck Finn, underwent significant moral development from the time he met Jim to the end of the book. In particular, Huck gets involved in a struggle between good and evil, a struggle in which good eventually prevails (Culture Shock 2). For example, Huck learns of the Duke and the King‘s evil schemes, including the impersonation of the Wilks brothers, after which he realizes the streaks in character of his â€Å"friends.† â€Å"I felt so ornery and low down and mean, that I say to myself, My mind’s made up, I’ll hive that money for them or bust† (Twain 132). Hence, he disliked the racial segregation and the social practices taking place at the time. Thus, this is one of the arguments for the book belonging in the classrooms. Banning Huckleberry Finn Because of Slavery Viewpoints Among the reasons why Huck Finn should not be taught in schools there is also the theme of slavery. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn represents the American society in the late nineteenth century, a period characterized by slavery and social exclusion of the black population from mainstream social activities. With regard to slavery, the novel â€Å"remains the only one that accurately portrays slavery, represents a black dialect, and highlights the significant role played by the African-American character in America’s history† (Carey-Webb 23). In the book, Huck Finn portrays a positive role model when he aids Jim escape enslavement in the peak of slavery. While supporting the inclusion of the Adventures of Huckleberry at the school curriculum, Walrath writes; â€Å"the book demonstrates humanism, an idea that each person deserves respect and compassion, and attacks complacency regarding the social evils in our society† (Rationales 37). The social ev ils at the time included slavery and racial segregation of the nineteenth century. Furthermore, the book captures a crucial section of American history. The settings of the novel, itself, involve a harsh environment in America’s history during racial exclusion. With regard to Twain’s use of the word â€Å"nigger,† Walrath reasons that the author â€Å"deliberately used the term to display the imperfect nature of a growing democracy† (Rationales 38). Thus, the use of the term does not imply bias, rather its use bears historical implications as it captures the harsh social climate of the time. It shows that the application of the term matches with the cruel treatment slaves underwent during this era. It enables readers to understand slavery and the social awe associated with the word â€Å"nigger† in American history. The Southern Lifestyle in Huckleberry Finn: Summary Mark Twain satirizes the lifestyle in Southern cities of America in general throug h the way he depicts the characters. From the Grangerford family, Huck’s drunken father, the farmers, to the Duke and King, the characters represent the stubbornness and ignorance of Southerners back then. An example in this regard involves Huck’s father, Pap, who gets into a judge’s custody.Advertising Looking for research paper on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Subsequently, Pap pledges to change, an act that the judge declares the holiest time in history (Schulten 57). However, the following morning, the people find Pap drunk again. This hurts the judge, which appears ironic, as the judge believed that Pap would reform after his encounter with him. This example shows that the Southern citizens bore ignorance in this regard. Southern lifestyles also involved family feuds and pointless conflicts. An example that illustrates the ignorance and absurdness of family feuds involves the Grangerford family. A rich family who treats him as part of the family takes in huckleberry. However, he later learns that a feud existed between Grangerfords and another family, the Shepherdsons. The feud eventually leads to the murder of all the Grangerfords by the Shepherdsons in cold blood. This shows the pointless and stupid nature of the family feuds in Southern cities. Another example that shows the ridiculous nature of the Southern lifestyle regards the Du ke and the King’s deceptive schemes, which, though silly, succeeded many times. In the period leading up to the American Civil War, the customs, as well as the ideals of the North, contrasted significantly with that of the South. The South supported the institution of slavery, while the North opposed it (Carey-Webb 31). Nevertheless, mainly the wealthy aristocrats owned slaves; the poor whites could not afford them. This factor, coupled with territorial conflicts caused by the westward expansion, culminated in the 1861 Civil War (Carey-Webb 33). Mark Twain uses satire to show the nature of the Southern lifestyle during the slavery era. He satirized slavery by revealing the ridiculous aspects of the Southern lifestyle and as such, calls for its abolition. Thus, the arguments for the necessity of Huckleberry Finn to be banned in schools because of racism are considered not viable. People’s Viewpoints During this Era During the slavery period, there arose the Abolitionist s calling for the ending of slavery. However, some people, especially from the South, defended slavery. Their argument revolved around economics, religion, humanitarianism, and religion. According to Booth, those defending slavery argued that an end to the slave economy would significantly affect the Southern economy, which relied heavily on cotton, rice, and tobacco farming (157). They also held the view that freeing the slaves would result in widespread unemployment, and subsequently, uprisings and chaos. The defenders of slavery also argued that slavery in America mirrored slavery in other civilizations such as the Roman Empire and the Greek civilization and as such, represented a natural state of humankind. From a religious viewpoint, the defenders of slavery argued that, in religious books such as the Bible, slavery remained widespread with no spiritual leader speaking out against it. In other words, slavery bore moral justification, as no one opposed it during biblical times. The defenders of slavery also involved the courts to legalize slave trade and slave ownership. One example regards the Dred Scott Decision that ruled, â€Å"All blacks, including the slaves, lacked the legal right to launch anti-slavery case as they comprised the property of slave owners (Booth 163). Further, they held the view that the Constitution protected the right to ownership of property that included the slaves. The defenders of the slave trade also argued for the divine nature of slavery. They believed that their introduction of Christianity into Africa helped eliminate heathen practices. According to this argument, slavery was expedient for the slaves as it ended the heathen practices and brought civilization to Central Africa. In fact, John Calhoun remarked that â€Å"the black race of Central Africa attained a civilized condition physically, intellectually and morally with the introduction of slavery† (Demac 60). Others opposed to those campaigning for an end to s lavery argued that the slaves got better care when sick and aged compared to slaves in Europe and the poor Northern States of America. James Thornwell remarked in 1860 that the conflict between those for slavery and those opposing the institution resembled an argument between Atheists and Socialists on one hand and supporters of social order on the other (Booth 164). This shows that slavery during this era attracted support from various people in the then American society. Legal Cases Surrounding the Banning of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn The basis for the banning of the novel involves the depiction of Jim as a black slave and the use of the word â€Å"nigger,†; considered racialist. After its publication in 1885, the novel was censored the same year by the Concord public library in Massachusetts. Initially, the book’s attack stemmed from what others termed as its lack of decency (Demac 59). Later, it was attacked as containing racist elements. However, at the t ime, no legal cases contributed to the censorship of the book; the ruling class perceived the use of the term â€Å"nigger† as racist while a deeper look reveals that the book advocated for an end to slavery. In 1902, the Brooklyn Public Library removed the book from its shelves for a different reason; they cited the use of vulgar language as the reason. In particular, the library considered the use of the words â€Å"sweats† instead of â€Å"perspiring† as obscene and unsuitable for children. In addition, the use of â€Å"scratched† instead of â€Å"itched† considered inappropriate at the time by the institution led to the removal of the book from the children’s section (Karolides 336). Additionally, the main character, Huck, portrayed a disrespectful attitude for authority. At the time, society expected literary works to convey higher social values rather than entertaining. This contributed to its censorship in most schools and public libr aries. However, soon after its publication, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn became an indispensable classic book in schools. Nevertheless, in 1957, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) protested against the inclusion of this book in the school curriculum due to its â€Å"racist aspects† (Karolides 36). The organization opposed the way the novel portrayed the slave, Jim, as equal to a young white boy, Huck, and a superior to the adult with regard to the decision-making ability. Additionally, As Donelson confirms, â€Å"†¦the entrenchment of Huck Finn into the curriculum of American schools coincided with a Supreme Court case involving Brown against Topeka Board of Education in 1954† (21). This case brought the segregation in public schools to an end. Subsequently, students in public schools comprised of both black and white children. In fact, â€Å"in 1957, the New York City Board of Education removed the book from the list of elementary school texts on the rationale that it contained passages considered derogatory to the Negroes†(Rationales 37). The admission of black children in public schools led to new protests against Huck Finn that culminated in the censorship of the book in schools and counties with a black population. Should Huck Finn Be Banned in Schools? Critics’ Opinion Those who fought for the inclusion of Huck Finn in the curriculum include teachers and school administrators. The teachers in Connecticut supported the idea that Huck Finn served as an influential role model for schoolchildren today (Culture Shock 4). They even developed the rationales for teaching the censored book in high schools. Norma Walrath, a committee member of the Connecticut Council of English Teachers, supported the teaching of this book, â€Å"for it shows the idea of humanism; compassion and respect of others unlike ourselves† (Rationales 37). She further explains that Huck Finn forms an indispen sable book for use in teaching students because it covers an extremely prominent part in American history: slavery and racial desegregation. Walrath remarks that Mark Twain uses the word â€Å"nigger† rather deliberately to display the imperfect nature of the developing democracy in America then (Rationales 38). As such, to ban the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn in schools affects the teaching of American history and the evils of slavery: a valuable lesson that students in today’s schools should learn. Jocelyn Chadwick is another strong supporter of Huck Finn, who actively campaigned for the book to remain in the curriculum for juniors in Okla. Additionally, she engaged in numerous debates. She even wrote a book on the subject titled the Jim Dilemma: Reading Race in the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, which primarily describes the value of teaching Huck Finn to high school students in America (Culture Shock 2). Much of her argument focuses on the language references us ed in the book. She remarks, â€Å"Race relations remain a sensitive topic in America today, which serves to point the importance of Huck Finn because of the debate it engenders† (Carey-Webb 24). In the 1950s, many critics such as Leo Marx and Bernard DeVoto in their articles objected to the abrupt banning of the novel in schools. They noted a confluence of the Black and White cultures in Huck Finn’s story (Donelson 24). In addition, they cite prestigious American themes in the novel, such as the hypocrisy practiced by the Southern States with regard to the continuation of slavery and racial separation worthy to read. Ernest Hemingway, a renowned author and a supporter of the inclusion of Huck Finn in school curricula, remarks, â€Å"Modern American literature originated from Twain’s, Huckleberry Finn† (Carey-Webb 22). Thus, though the book underwent censorship on several occasions, it nevertheless remains a popular book in the country and schools should not ban the novel in the future. Conclusion The novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn appropriately describes slavery and racism in 19th Century America and this essay proves sufficient amount of reasons why Huck Finn should not be banned. Teachers should find ways to explain racism and its influence on modern-day society and culture with reference to the novel. The novel should remain in high school curriculum because it entails a fight against racism created, not through the racial aspects in the book, but the 19th Century capitalism. Works Cited Booth, Wayne. Censorship and the Values of Fiction. English Journal 53.3(1964): 155-164. Carey-Webb, Allen. Racism and Huckleberry Finn: Censorship, Dialogue, and Change. English Journal 82.7(1993): 22-33. Culture Shock. Born to Trouble: Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. PBS. WGBH Educational Foundation. VHS 1999. 1-8 Demac, Donna. Liberty Denied; The Current Rise of Censorship in America. New York: PEN American Center, 1988. Donelson, K en. Filth’ and ‘Pure Filth’ in Our Schools—Censorship of Classroom Books in the Last Ten Years. English Journal 86.2(1997): 21-25. Karolides, Nicholas et al. 100 Banned Books: Censorship Histories of World Literature. New York: Checkmark Books, 1999. Schulten, Katherine. Huck Finn: Born to Trouble. English Journal 89.2 (1999): 55-59. Twain, Mark. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. England: Electronic Centre, 1885. Print. This research paper on Should Huck Finn Be Banned in Schools? Huckleberry Finn Should Not Be Banned was written and submitted by user Myla Ware to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

1984 Essays (686 words) - Nineteen Eighty-Four, Newspeak

1984 Essays (686 words) - Nineteen Eighty-Four, Newspeak 1984 Nineteen Eighty Four Fictional World In English this semester we have studied three different texts. All three texts were based on original, fictional worlds. The fictional world which stood out above the rest and really amazed me would have to be Nineteen Eighty-Four. Nineteen Eighty-Four was the most realistic out of the three. While reading the novel you really get into the fictional world and think like the main character Winston Smith. Three aspects of the text which made this world so interesting to study were The Inner Party, Big Brother, and the Thought Police. Each of these interesting aspects in Nineteen Eighty Four play a great part in the novel itself and the way the fictional world works. The Inner Party played a huge role in creating the fascinating world in Nineteen Eighty Four. The Inner Party was in charge of Airstrip1 and wanted to be superior over everyone. They wanted the party to be the peoples first loyalty over anything else. They didnt allow marriage or even sex for this was an act of loyalty between two people and not to the party. An example of this is when Winston and Julia were caught having a sexual relationship and were taken away by the Thought Police. They were then made to betray eachother, love the Party, and to believe what ever the party said was true. The Party had control over everything even peoples minds. This was proved when O Brien held up four fingers and said to Winston how many fingers am I holding up? Winston replied Five. Big Brother also played a big role in creating the world which Nineteen Eighty-Four was based in. Big Brother is a figure, which the Party has created to frighten people and give them more power. The Party can do anything they like and when someone questions them they can just say there under orders from Big Brother. Big Brother is everywhere in every house (except proles), every street, wall, and he is always shouting out BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU the text which backs this up is when Winston describes that On each landing, opposite the lift shaft the poster with enormous face gazed from the wall. It was one of those pictures, which are so conceived that the eyes follow you about when you move. Big Brother is so important to the world in the novel because the figure stops thought crime, gives the people someone to look up to and someone to love, lets the Party tell the people anything they want and the people will believe it, such as propaganda. An example is when the party say Oce ania is at war with Eurasia, Oceania has always been at war with Eurasia. The people automatically believe this. Newspeak is the official language of Oceania. It is supposed to take over common English in the year 2050. Newspeak is another important aspect in the creation of Oceania because it prevents Thought Crime. The purpose of Newspeak is to cancel out words such as rebel so that people wont know the word and therefore if they feel like rebelling against the party they wont know how to express their feelings. The compiler of the Newspeak dictionary Syme says Dont you see that the whole aim of newspeak is to narrow the range of thoughts which in the end we shall make thought crime literally impossible. Newspeak will also cut out words that have no use such as excellent or superb which are all different meanings of the word good, or double plus good instead of having all different words meaning the same thing. Syme said to Winston were cutting the language down to the bone. He then said, the purpose of the Newspeak Dictionary is to reduce the vocabulary so that even the concept of rebellion fades away The Inner Party, Big Brother, and Newspeak are all-important aspects of the fictional world in Nineteen Eighty-Four each one of these aspects play an important part in the development of the fascinating world which the author George Orwell has created.

What is Urban Fantasy Definition and Examples

What is Urban Fantasy Definition and Examples What is Urban Fantasy? Definition and Examples Urban fantasy is perhaps one of the most exciting subgenre fantasies right now. From werewolves in Manhattan to gnomes in suburban gardens, it is a major part of the movement that is re-defining â€Å"fantasy† in the 21st-century.But what is urban fantasy exactly - and where can you go to read more of it? This guide is here to help, along with a few tips on how to write urban fantasy in this magical subgenre.What is urban fantasy?Urban fantasy describes a subgenre of fantasy in which the real world collides with the decidedly supernatural or magical world. Sounds simple, right? Think again! Fantasy and its subgenres are notoriously elastic, making the definition of â€Å"urban fantasy† decidedly open-ended. In the past, the term’s been used to describe a fantasy story that is set in:a city in an alternate world,a city in the modern world, orthe modern world.These days, this is the understanding that is most widespread: to be an urban fantasy, the story simply ne eds to be a fantasy with supernatural elements that is set in our world and modern time. Under this definition, the â€Å"urban† in â€Å"urban fantasy† is a bit of a red herring. So long as there are supernatural elements, the story can take place in either a modern New York City or Milwaukee, and it will still count.Urban fantasy stories also generally have strong tropes, such as gritty action, a noir feel, and a procedural plot (and we’ll get into this later in this post). This is why you’ll commonly hear the Sookie Stackhouse series, which is actually set in a rural small-town, labeled as an â€Å"urban fantasy† - whereas Harry Potter, for instance, rarely is.How does it differ from paranormal romance?Paranormal fantasy and urban fantasy are two birds of the same feather, which explains why they’re confused so often! Both are speculative fiction with supernatural elements in a real-world setting. Both also feature a romantic plot or sub plot in some shape or form.However, romance is the main plot and primary conflict in paranormal romance, while it is generally a subplot in urban fantasy. More than that, urban fantasies are known to have gritty violence and a tone that can get so dark it might even touch the horror genre. Keeping that mind, let’s see what urban fantasy looks like in action.Examples of urban fantasyThe best way to learn what is urban fantasy is to look at some examples! Here are two urban fantasy books that helped define the genre.American Gods by Neil GaimanIn the bygone days, people in the United States believed in gods and mythological beings. Indeed, immigrants brought leprechauns, elves, and all sorts of magical spirits with them when they came to the U.S. However, the influence of these deities has begun waning as belief in them dies and people turn their attention to the new gods: media and technology.This is the stage of Gaiman's acclaimed novel, which begins with an ex-convict, Shado w, being accosted by a Mr. Wednesday, who is not all that he seems. Shadow soon discovers he is standing in the middle of a war between America's ideological past and future - with nothing less than the country's fate hanging in the balance.Why is it a good sample of urban fantasy? American Gods is a 21st century classic of the genre: a grand fusion of fantasy and the modern world that doesn’t forget to explore the ramifications of such a mindmeld. Defying genre expectations, also  American Gods is not situated in a city. Instead, Shadow’s road trip is set mostly in America’s liminal spaces - its rest stops, motels, and small towns.The Dresden Files by Jim ButcherIn an embattled Chicago where vampires, demons, werewolves, and fairies co-exist with humans, Harry Dresden is the world’s only â€Å"consulting wizard.† Hired by humans and supernatural beings alike to solve everything from murders to rogue bakus, he has to get by on his private inves tigator’s salary, even as his work thrusts him into the darkest - and most magical - corners of gritty Chicago.Why is it a good sample of urban fantasy? Another classic in the genre - and a popular example of the way that traditional P.I. plots and fantasy collide in urban fantasy.And if you’d like the whole buffet of urban fantasy: head over to this Reedsy Discovery post of  20 best urban fantasy books  or this post that contains  33 best vampire books. You can also check out this list of the 100 best fantasy series ever, which includes a number of urban fantasy seriesPRO-TIP: To get early and exclusive access to new indie urban fantasy books, consider signing up for Reedsy Discovery! It's free and you'll be the first to discover tomorrow's bestsellers in the genre.How to write urban fantasyConfident that you know what urban fantasy is now and want to give writing it a go? Great. Here are some tips to help you along.1. Know the tropes How to Create a Character Profile: the Ultimate Guide (with Template) Read post Urban fantasies are also character-driven at heart. First person point of views abound, letting readers inside the head of the protagonist. It would be well worth your time to sit down and figure out the key details of your character, including their motivation and backstory. If you need help, you can grab this free fillable character profile.The best part of writing urban fantasy is that there’s so much room to explore. Now that you have a framework for the genre, it’s up to you to pick up that pen - and let your imagination carry you the rest of the way.Do you write or read urban fantasy? Leave your thoughts (and book recommendations) in the comments below!

Location analysis and group work daily Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Location analysis and group work daily - Essay Example The other advantage is that in terms of flow of traffic within the site, this has made it possible to maintain its market appeal to the customers (Blackaby, 2009). As a group, we performed relatively well. Several issues came up in the course of the meeting and it affected the way in which we completed the task. The lecturer required that we form our own groups that we would all be comfortable working with. This we did, and it was convenient to us because we had similar background in terms of the course we studied at the university and this made us to cope well. In addition, we had worked previously together in group work for other subjects that we studied together. In the course of the group work, several issues manifested themselves as we worked together. Time management was not accomplished well because some group members lived far away from the university and therefore, the time that we had agreed on was at no particular adhered to and we obviously had to accommodate all group members in order to work as a team. Conflict in the process of group work was a big issue that arose. At times, the participants in the group openly attacked each other and this at one point brought the discussion to a halt for some time. The way the group members stated some major points during the discussion brought out both the negative and positive criticism. Despite all these challenges, we were finally able to complete the assignment on time. What I would change to the process. For the group members who were not living within the university, I would ensure that we set the time that is convenient to them and comfortable to us as a team. I would convince other group members to agree on a time limit in which the discussion would take. For instance, one hour for each meeting scheduled to take place so as to allow the affected persons to attend and leave the meeting at their own pleasure. In the issue of conflict, I as the group leader would ensure that if there were any disagreements, they would be constructive and not directed to any particular person. I would also ensure that there was room for free expression of thoughts while coordinating the group and encourage criticism (Hansen, et al 2002). How to improve performance as a group. I as the group leader would manage the group well for it to work effectively. I would ensure that the set aims and objectives of the group work are incorporated from each and every member. For example, all participants in the group would make contributions in the setting of aims and objectives. This would help each individual develop personally .The group would also benefit as a whole. Other benefits would be to that the participants would learn academically. We would also ensure that the responsibilities that we adapt help us to achieve the desired success together. My individual role and contribution. My group members

Summary of a chapter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Summary of a chapter - Essay Example Brown’s God and Igbo gods but Mr. Brown responds as if he does not feel the need to support the claim. This response shows that he believes community’s religion does not require an explanation and is just correct. For instance, when Akunna says: â€Å"†¦or Chuckwu (Whittaker and Msiska, pg 129). He appoints the smaller gods to help him because his work is too much for one person.† which Mr. Brown replies angrily and becomes disrespectful to Akunna. Hence, Mr. Brown’s disrespectfulness is not intentional but to persuade the people to change to Christianity. The villagers do not understand the Christian faith since they did not know more about the white men.This happens Okonkwo is resistant to the onset of the missionaries as they tend to undermine the community’s life long culture to please it gods and ancestors. This feeling of absolute betrayal is seen in Okonkwo when his son Nwoye transfers and joins the missionaries. This is evident by the quote, â€Å"The white man is very clever. He came quietly and peacefully with his religion. We were amused at his foolishness and allowed him to stay. Now he has won our brothers and our clan can no longer act like one. He has put a knife on the things that held us together and we have fallen apart† (Whittaker and Msiska, pg129), Nwoye however, sees the whites as more compassionate so he finds understanding them easy. Therefore, the new converts are seen as outcasts and that lack of understanding between the remaining people of the tribe is seen as the matter holding the community apart. If both groups were willing to agree and comprehend one another then there would be more improvement (Whittaker and Msiska, pg129). But this cannot happen since; both the tribe and the missionaries have diverse perceptions on the one true god. Eventually, the clan has a big problem in understanding the Christian beliefs because they have conformed to untouched tribal existence for a long time. In

People’s Home Gadgets Essay Example for Free

People’s Home Gadgets Essay 1. Provide advice to Paula regarding the nature of the HR system she should recommend for the customer service representatives at the six stores. There is a problem that PHG has faced employee turnover issues the figures indicates over the 70% more than management’s expectation. To reduce, turn over issues I’d like recommend an improvement of entire salary systems employees get their salary based on their performance, it makes high turnover issues that mean a representative who has remarkable ability when he sailing PHG stuffs. However, other people who can’t sales as much as sales top representatives ended up they got a lowest salary. So I recommend Paula to do establish fixed salary policies regardless of their sales abilities. 2. Identify a key strategic performance driver for this organization. They have strategic performance drivers based on low costs-high quality policies. It indicates a core concept of competition. In other words, it is called Cost leadership strategy. By lowering costs, they are able to get a high market positions more that other competitive. To maintain that position they always consider in respect of cost benefits. 3. How do the customer service representatives contribute to the strategic performance driver you identified? The company gives representatives a discretion which is able to provide lower prices by cutting margin of percentages. It was a unique policy. Finally, it makes them to maintain cost leadership so illustrated polices could give company a competitive edge in the market. A processes that establishing strategic performance is following. 4. Design an HR system to realize the strategic performance driver you identified. Be certain to explain how you would (a) design the work

The Use of Tone and Metaphors in Marks by Linda Pastan Essay -- Papers

The Use of Tone and Metaphors in Marks by Linda Pastan Linda Pastan?s poem ?Marks? is unusual because it addresses the frustrations of a typical housewife. Few people consider being a wife and mother a full-time job in itself, and it is not uncommon for a woman who plays both of these roles to feel overworked and unappreciated. What is unusual about Pastan?s poem is the way she effectively conveys these sentiments by the use of metaphors, tone, and informal diction. The speaker?s attitude is one of indifference, and this is made apparent by the metaphors she uses to compare her family?s regard for her duties as a wife and mother to school grades. The poem opens with, ?My husband gives me an A for last night?s supper, an incomplete for my ironing, a B plus in bed. My son says I am average...?. There is no emotion used in these lines, as if the speaker wishes to convey to the reader that she is so tired of serving others that she does not have time to consider her own personal feelings. She may believe that she is constantly being evaluated, and the fact th...

Preparing for academic success at a graduate level Essay

Having academic success is what a person strives for as they first pursue a collegiate education especially at a graduate level. But there are instances when the journey is first pursued that many students may feel intimidated by responsibilities, preparedness, and the confinement of certain codes and rules set up by how an instructor may grade and the format a student writes in, like American Psychological Association (APA) style. Knowing that the main goal overall is to graduate and a main component of academic success is writing. Being prepared and responsible may be challenging but can produce a greater reward of success in the future, if managed correctly. Graduate Level Writing At a graduate level responsibility and preparedness are very important. With the main goal being on gaining a degree at graduation, academic writing, knowing personal strengths and weaknesses, finding out and knowing ways to improve on weaknesses, time, and stress are among some of the crucial areas at a graduate level to not only be responsible for but to also be prepared for. Seeing that the occasion of graduation comes with many responsibilities before-hand to reach that ending result, it makes sense that, â€Å"the more serious the occasion the more preparation is required and the more responsibility you have for the occasion, the more preparation is required† (Byrd, 2010). Graduate Level Different from Other Forms of Writing A good source of responsibility to prepare for is academic writing. At a graduate level writing is different because there is a quality and integrity standard and a larger reading audience. As a graduate student writing is a main proponent to academic responsibility, preparedness, and success and it is important to remain authentic in writing style. Authenticity, in writing allows the writer to express a topic creatively and with integrity. But this comes with the challenge of knowing personal strengths and weaknesses when writing. Strengths and Weaknesses of Graduate Level Writing Weaknesses can include poor time management, being ill-prepared, misunderstandings of material and format, stressors in life, and laziness. While strengths can be researching, the codes and rules of proper American Psychological Association (APA) format, citations, and references. Characteristics of Graduate Level Writing When writing at a graduate level the responsibility of integrity should be at the highest priority. By knowing when writing, what part of the subject is common knowledge and what is deemed a major offense called plagiarism. Plagiarism is described in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary as the adoption of another’s ideas, works, or words without well deserved credit being given (2012). Using someone else’s words or ideas and not giving due credit is a major infraction that a lot of students resort to whether intentionally or ignorantly. Plagiarism is usually due to poor time management or simple laziness. The suggested format style is American Psychological Association style or better known as APA. Using the APA style includes New Times Roman font, 1 inch margins, double spacing, title page, running head, citations, and references to name a few (APA, 2010). Common knowledge is also often a part of graduate level writing and it is based on how many individuals would know a certain subject to be matter of fact (Purdue University Online, 2007). Being that the core to academic writing is to be authentic and to use integrity, applying APA format to writing is an efficient way to avoid plagiarism and gives freedom to write creativity and honestly and helps eliminate undue stressors. Balancing and Managing Time and Stress Time management is another great way to prepare and get rid of undue stressors that can lead to major offenses such as plagiarism. Procrastination is often a huge problem as a student. Procrastination is an area that shows poor time management and poor time management often leads to stress because things are not done in a timely manner (Scott, 2011). Great ways to manage time for projects or events that come up is to get organized and try to stay that way, building a routine, practicing or forming a good time managing habits, prioritizing by making a to-do list, and having a schedule or a personal planner (Scott, 2011). Having a balance in life is  also a great way to manage time and reduce stress. Balancing exercise and eating better into the daily planner are great choices to make because eating better and exercise aid in thinking clearer which can help you make better choices (Scott, 2011). Another part of balancing is knowing how and when to relax. Breathing exercises, working out, hobbies and interests, or just a quiet setting can promote wellness and relive stress leading to managing life with balance and fulfillment (Scott, 2011). In conclusion, areas of academic writing at a graduate level, time management, how to deal with stress and balancing life academically and personally can be challenging and intimidating at times. So many things can come to mind negatively when accomplishing goals, being responsible, and preparing for a future that cannot be seen yet. A wonderful quote letting an individual know who is holding back the steps to a better future is written by Marianne Williamson (1992) that states, â€Å"Our deepest fear is not that we are inadequate. Our deepest fear is that we are powerful beyond measure. It is our light, not our darkness that most frightens us. We ask ourselves, who am I to be brilliant, gorgeous, talented, fabulous? Actually, who are you not to be? You are a child of God. Your playing small does not serve the world. There is nothing enlightened about shrinking so that other people won’t feel insecure around you. We are all meant to shine, as children do. We were born to make manifest the glory of God that is within us. It’s not just in some of us; it’s in everyone. And as we let our own light shine, we unconsciously give other people permission to do the same. As we are liberated from our own fear, our presence automatically liberates others† (Pgs. 190-191). Being responsible, preparing and adjusting to the demands of a graduate student is inevitable and making the adjustments as a student and knowing what is expected is all part of the journey. References American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. Byrd, J. R. (2010). Preparation is Easier Than Being Unprepared. Retrieved July 6, 2014 from http://ezinearticles.com/?Preparation-is-Easier-Than-Being-Unprepared&id=4494958 Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. (2012). Retrieved July 6, 2014 from

The Dutch Oven

The Dutch Oven is a old version of a frying pan or roasting pan. The dutch Ovens started production in the 1700's. Dutch ovens are still used for many things, like cobblers and roasts. Dutch ovens were made of brass in the first couple of years that they were made. Then a man by the name of Abraham Darby visited the Netherlands and wanted to watch the the production of the Dutch Oven. When he figured out how to make the oven he traveled back to England. When he returned home he was trying to find a way to make a cheaper version of the oven. His creation was made of a more economical metal of cast iron. The Americans found out about these dutch ovens and they brought them into their colonies. The famous patriot Paul Revere was credited with adding the peg legs on the pots and the flat top lid with a rack that would hold the coals. All of the settlers and the colonists that have moved to america used these pot because of their durability and there versatility. When Lewis and Clark set out on there expositions they took a Dutch Oven with them all the way through the american west. The Dutch oven was one of the many things that Lewis and Clark brought home with them at the end of there exposition. In the year of 1896 a man by the name of Joseph Lodge founded a company that would make and sell Dutch ovens. This company was located in the state of Tennessee. The name of this company is called Lodge the owner named it after himself. Today the company is sells more dutch ovens than any of the other company's in the world. There was also another company that was founded it was called Le Creuset. Le Creuset was built and constructed in the French town of Fresnoy-le-Grand. This company made Dutch Ovens and cooking supplies like Lodge did. Le Creuset is famous for the really good quality of its iron and for the really good quality of their enamel coatings. Even though the Dutch oven is a older style of pot it is still used today to cook food.

Formal Introductions in Japanese

Formal Introductions in Japanese Japan is a country whose culture stresses ritual and formality.  Proper etiquette is expected in business, for example, and even  saying​ hello  has a set of strict rules.  Japanese culture is steeped in honorific traditions and hierarchies depending on a persons age, social status, and relation. Even husbands and wives use honorifics when speaking to each other. Learning how to make formal introductions in Japanese is vital if you plan to visit the country, do business there, or even take part in ceremonies such as weddings. Something as seemingly innocuous as  saying hello at a party  comes with a strict set of social rules. The tables below can help ease you through this process. Each table includes the transliteration of the introductory word or phrase on the left, with the word or words written in Japanese letters underneath. (Japanese letters are generally written in  hiragana, which is the more widely used portion of the Japanese kana, or syllabary, having characters that are cursive.) The English translation is on the right. Formal Introductions In Japanese, there are several levels of formality. The expression, nice to meet you, is spoken very differently depending on the social status of the recipient. Note that those of a higher social status requires a longer greeting. Greetings also become shorter as the formality decreases. The table below shows how to deliver this phrase in Japanese, depending on the level of formality and/or the status of the person you are greeting. Douzo yoroshiku onegaishimasu. Very formal expressionUsed to a higher Yoroshiku onegaishimasu. To a higher Douzo yoroshiku. To an equal Yoroshiku. To a lower Honorific O or Go As in English,  an  honorific  is a conventional word, title, or  grammatical  form that signals respect, politeness, or social deference. An honorific is also known as a  courtesy title  or an  address term. In Japanese,  the honorific o 㠁ŠÂ  or go 㠁” can be attached to the front of some nouns as a formal way of saying your. It is very polite.   o-kuni someone elses country o-namae someone elses name o-shigoto someone elses job go-senmon someone elses field of study There are some cases where o or go does not mean your. In these cases, the honorific o makes the word more polite. You might expect that tea, which is very important in Japan, would require an honorific o. But, even something as mundane as a toilet requires the honorific o as the table below illustrates. o-cha tea (Japanese tea) o-tearai toilet Addressing People The title san- meaning Mr., Mrs., or Miss- is used for both male and female names, followed by either the family name or the given name. It is a respectful title, so you cannot attach it your own name or to the name of one of your family members. For example, if a persons family name is  Yamada,  you would great him as  Yamada-san, which would be the equivalent of saying, Mr. Yamada. If a young, single womans name is Yoko, you would address her as  Yoko-san, which translates into English as Miss Yoko.

Quantifier - Definition and Examples

Quantifier s In grammar, a quantifier is a type of determiner (such as all, some, or much) that expresses a relative or indefinite indication of quantity. Quantifiers usually appear in front of nouns (as in all children), but they may also function as pronouns (as in All have returned). A complex quantifier is a phrase (such as a lot of) that functions as a quantifier. Examples and Observations I believe that every person is born with talent.  (Maya Angelou)Most of the people who will walk after me will be children, so make the beat keep time with short steps. (Hans Christian Andersen, in the instructions for the music for his funeral)Many books require no thought from those who read them, and for a very simple reason: they made no such demand upon those who wrote them. (Charles Caleb Colton, Lacon, or Many things in Few Words, 1820)All politicians should have three hats: one to throw into the ring, one to talk through, and one to pull rabbits out of if elected. (Carl Sandburg)Ive had a lot of worries in my life, most of which never happened. (attributed to Mark Twain, among others) Meanings of Quantifiers Quantifiers can be classified in terms of their meaning. Some quantifiers have a meaning of inclusiveness. That is, they refer to an entire group. Both refers to two members of a group of two, few to a subgroup of the entire group, and all to the totality of members of a group of unspecified size. Every and each refer to single members of a group. The difference between all, a few, and both on the one hand and each and every, is reflected in subject-verb agreement​Other quantifiers are noninclusive and have a meaning related to size or quantity. These quantifiers can be classified by the relative size they indicate. For example, many and much refer to large quantities, some to a moderate quantity, and little and few to small quantities . . .. (Ron Cowan, The Teachers Grammar of English: A Course Book and Reference Guide. Cambridge University Press, 2008) Partitives and Quantifiers: Agreement There is, in fact, a somewhat fuzzy distinction between partitive structures and inclusives and Quantifiers formed with of. In a clause such as a lot of students have arrived it is the noun students which determines number agreement on the Finite (have - plural). It is not normally possible to say *a lot of students has arrived. Therefore students is the head of the noun group and a lot of is a complex Quantifier. Similarly, it is also normal to say a number of students have arrived not a number of students has arrived, that is, to treat a number of as a complex Quantifier. . . .For beginning learners, it may be best to introduce expressions such as a lot of and a number of as complex Quantifiers but in other cases to err on the prescriptive side and encourage agreement with the noun preceding of. (Graham Lock, Functional English Grammar. Cambridge University Press, 1996) Count Nouns, Mass Nouns, and Quantifiers Count nouns (e.g. diamond, bottle, book, board, waiter, table, cat, bush, truck, house) and mass nouns (e.g. gold, coffee, paper, wood, meat, air, water, coal, smoke, blood, wine) differ grammatically in the range of articles and quantifiers they occur with. For instance, count nouns occur with the indefinite article a but not with the complex quantifier a lot of: a diamond, *a lot of diamond. Mass nouns do the opposite: a lot of gold, *a gold. (Ronald W. Langacker, Linguistic Manifestations of the Space-Time (Dis)Analogy. Space and Time in Languages and Cultures: Language, Culture, and Cognition, ed. by Luna Filipović and Katarzyna M. Jaszczolt. John Benjamins, 2012) Zero Plurals After numerals or quantifiers, count nouns may have a zero plural (the same form as in the singular): thirty year, many mile.​  (Sidney Greenbaum, Oxford English Grammar. Oxford University Press, 1996) Also Known As: quantifying determiner

Young people who may be experiencing SOCIAL EMOTIONAL BEHAVIOURAL Literature review

Young people who may be experiencing SOCIAL EMOTIONAL BEHAVIOURAL DIFFICULTIES where should schools focus - Literature review Example Issues of Educating Students with Social, Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 1.5. Summary 1.1. Introduction This chapter aims at providing the conceptual base of the overall study. It develops the chosen topic through critically reviewing up-to-date and relevant sources on the problem of education of young people who may be experiencing social, emotional or behavioral difficulties. Importantly, the review is based on variety of pertinent scholarly sources: books, journal articles, etc. The research hypothesis of this part of the research is â€Å"Schools should primarily focus on the problem of inclusion of young people who may be having social, emotional and behavioral difficulties into mainstream schooling†. The hypothesis is tested through critical analysis of a number of viewpoints expressed by both academic and practicing educators. The topic has been developed through analysis and critical review of a range of pertinent sources in the following directions: 1) students wi th Social, Emotional and Behavioral Disorders: hallmark features; 2) types of Social, Emotional and Behavioral Disorders and 3) issues of educating students with Social, Emotional and Behavioral Disorders. 1.2. Students with Social, Emotional and Behavioral Disorders: Hallmark Features Social Emotional and Behavioral Difficulties is a term that has been defined in many ways, which allows interpreting it rather broadly and vaguely. The term is predominantly used in the sphere of education service to refer to severe and continuous difficulties that students face in behavior emotions, as well as social conduct and relationships. Importantly, the difficulties mentioned are found to interfere with students’ progress in learning and development. As Poulou and Norwich point out, â€Å"it is a term that overlaps with psychiatric disorder at one end and disruptive behavior or behavior problems at the other† (Poulou and Norwich, 2002, p. 112). The term’s usage has faced a lot of confusion, yet a plenty of definitions have got a common point. It is its focus on behaviors found disturbing by the majority of teachers’ staff and parents (Galloway and Goodwin 1987). The typical definition deals with understanding SEBD as internalizing and externalizing difficulties. In other words, difficulties that are related to emotional and behavioral or social conduct. According to Cooper, the term has been widely used among educators and focuses on a generally vast number of problems (Cooper 1996). The characteristics that are applicable to students with SEBD are of behavioral and social nature. The analysis of academic research of the last two decades allows concluding that these students often display aggression, as well as delinquency, which are both types of externalizing behavior (Achenbach, 1991). Also, they frequently display types of internalizing behavior such as anxiety plus depression (Morris, Shah, and Morris, 2002) and if to speak about their pe ers as well as teachers, they have impaired relationships with the latter (Walker, Ramsey, and Cresham, 2004; Walker et al, 1992). Additionally, students with EBD are often characterized as having critical deficiencies in their ability to read and react to social signals (Walker, Colvin, and Ramsey, 1995; Coie & Jacobs, 1993). At the same time, the academic deficits which are found within this subgroup of students have been the focus of most recent research in the field (Wehby, Lane, & Falk, 2003; Lane, Gresham, & O'Shaughnessy, 2002; Hinshaw, 1992; Lane & Wehby, 2002; Lane, 2004). Students that are diagnosed with having EBD face significant difficulties in how they develop and maintain satisfactory relationships with other people. Other problem areas include display of prosocial behavior signs, and

Some aspect of American Indian literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Some aspect of American Indian literature - Essay Example Actors from India have to choose between portraying unflattering portraits of the history and culture or if they have to abandon their hopes of making a living from acting. As Hollywood kept on developing, there was an increasing decline in the Western genre films. This made the depiction of the Indian stereotyping to reduce. Actors of Indian origin almost vanished from audience screens. Were it not for the multi-Oscar win by Kevin Costner in the ‘Dance with Wolves’ in 1990, the actors may have all disappeared. This film brought together some of the prominent Indian actors and offered the audience a developed and sensitive Indian cultural representation. The movie ‘The Last of The Mohicans’ in 1992 also renewed the interest of the audiences in Native American Culture. As Indians were seeking opportunities in Hollywood, they came across several limitations. They were given smaller roles, with only few starring roles available for them. In the recent past, there has been an in increase in the number of Native America scriptwriters and producers, who are working to provide audiences with a new Indian culture perspective. It is now the job of Native Americans to come out and challenge the existing racial stereotypes that have been established by Hollywood filmmakers (Simmon 98). Chris Eyre was able to achieve this with his ‘Smoke Signals’ film in 1998, which was written, directed, and starred by only Native Americans. The film managed to set a benchmark for its presence in Hollywood which is dominated by the westerns. The film is regarded as among the few films that have been widely distributed in which the Indians actors have produced their own narrative. More changes in the film industry were observed in the 1990s. In 1995, Disney came up with the ‘Pocahontas’ which was an animation with the supposed protagonists voiced by Native Irene Bedard (Simmon 25). The movie further served the role of demonstrating the English savagery that has not

Case Study Analysis (REPORT) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Case Study Analysis (REPORT) - Essay Example It would also examine the role of marketing communications towards generating competitive advantage for business organizations and development of trust and confidence among the customers so as to generate long term profitability and sustainability in the business market. Table of Contents Case Study Analysis (REPORT) 1 Executive Summary 2 Introduction 4 Part 1 4 New Product Development Process 4 Idea Generation 5 Idea Screening 5 Concept Development and Testing 5 Analysis of Business 6 Development of Product 6 Market Testing 6 Product Commercialisation 7 Product Life Cycle 7 BCG Matrix 8 Part 2 9 Marketing Communications Mix- Comparative Analysis 9 References 13 Introduction Business organizations are essentially operating in a turbulent business environment. The aspect of globalisation has increased the average number of players in the market which has intensified the competition among the business organizations. This has intensified the need for ensuring business excellence that le ads to creation of competitive advantage. ... using a different strategy which includes improvements in the product or service mix as well as use of a marketing communications strategy that helps firms to communicate and reach out to their target audience. The heightened levels of competition in the markets has also enhanced the importance of brand image that is largely important as it is widely being used by consumers to differentiate between the products and service offered by the different players in the market. The present study would analyse the aspect of new product development by including a comparative analysis of different brands. Part 1 New Product Development Process New product development is a comprehensive process that encompasses the aspects of idea generation, idea screening, concept development and testing, analysis of business, development of product, testing the market and finally product commercialisation (Havaldar, 2010, p.188). Idea Generation Idea generation involves conceptualisation of new ideas for a pr oduct or service. The success of this stage largely involves garnering large number of executable ideas which can be either obtained from employees or from any other source. The idea must be such that it is largely unique in nature and has the ability to make a mark for itself in the market. In case of Denkit the teachers had two business ideas which were largely unique and innovative in nature as no such product was available in the market. In case of Hovis the company developed an idea that served to augment the present product offering of the organization by introducing new ideas for product development. Kit Kat’s new product development ideas mainly include the aspect of modifications in packaging and design. Idea Screening The next stage in the new product development includes idea

The Conservation Of Madagascar And Its Lemurs Biology Essay

The Conservation Of Madagascar And Its Lemurs Biology Essay The extraordinary island of Madagascar is unlike anywhere else on earth. Roughly the size of France, with an area of 226,658 square miles, it is the worlds fourth largest island. It lies in the Indian Ocean, approximatly 250 miles off the coast of Southern Africa. Madagascar, and the tiny island of Comoro, provide the only present-day native habitat to lemurs (Butler, 2009). Nicknamed the 8th Continent because of its diversity of species (Hooper, 2005), Madagascar lacks the dominant form of primates distributed worldwide. Instead, their niche has been filled by an older group of primates, the Lemurs. Due to Madagascars isolation, lemurs have an interesting evolutionary history. Madagascar was originally part of the super continent Gondwanaland. As Gondwanaland began to break apart around 160 million years ago, Madagascar broke away from Africa (Carwardine, 2009). The Island continued to drift, moving away from Africa and by the evolution of monkeys, 17-23 million years ago, Madagascar was already isolated. As highly intelligent and adaptive primates, monkeys, quickly became the dominant primates around the rest of the world. The Strepsirhini, the suborder that includes the lemurs, lorises, bushbabies, and pottos, were driven away and towards extinction by these advanced primates. The lorises, bushbabies, and pottos were able to relatively successfully coexist with the monkeys, largely due to their nocturnal and insectivorous traits. They did not compete with the monkeys; however, the lemur lineage was driven to find a new home, Madagascar (Baines, 1997). As the island of Madagascar drifted futher from Africa, the lemurs were then isolated from the rest of the world and its evolutionary changes. They are now By far the most renowned and diverse group of Madagascars mammals (Sauther, 2009). They have spread throughout Madagascar, filling the niches without much competition or predators. Today lemurs are found in almost all of the ecosystems of Madagascar (Carwardine, 2009), many have adapted in amazing and bizarre ways to ensure their survival. Higher primates or homo-sapiens did not reach Madagascar until around 2,000 years ago, when they learned to navigate the seas (Oldfield, 2002). Once there, humans began to systematically destroy the previously untouched island .15 species of lemur are known to have become be extinct, but many more are thought to have disappeared before they were even discovered. Currently all lemurs are in danger, largely due to habitat destruction and hunting. Madagascars terrain is as diverse as its wildlife with coastal plains, mountain ranges, dramatic escarpments, and dense rainforest. As such, there is a great diversity of ecosystems, each with differing vegetation and therefore: different species. This is usually in accordance with relief, geology and rainfall. The first humans to arrive on Madagascar were the ancestors of the Sakalava people, who originated in Indonesia and now live in the West of the island. These early settlers practiced shifting cultivation, burning the previously untouched vegetation. In the 9th and 13th centuries respectively, the ancestors of the Merina people and Betsileo tribes of Northern Madagascar also arrived from Indonesia, and began farming rice. During the last 1,200 years people from Africa and the Arabian Peninsular have also settled in Madagascar, bringing with them Zebu cattle. Many traditional ceremonies and rituals are based around Zebu cattle, even today many Madagascians measure their wealth by the number of Zebu they own. As such there is now more Zebu than people on Madagascar. Every year vast areas of vegetation are burnt in an attempt to improve pasture for these animals (Oldfield, 2002). In 1895 Madagascar became a French colony. These new settlers began harvesting valuable hardwoods for export, such as ebonies and rosewoods, the harvesting of these trees continues today. The endangered Dalbergia delphinensis tree is one of over 30 rosewoods threatened due to selective felling (Oldfield, 2009). The restricted distribution of this species also coincides with a proposed site for a titanium mine which threatens all the remaining coastal forest in Southeast Madagascar (Kimball, 2009). Also to its detriment, Madagascars rainforests contain valuable minerals, such as gold and sapphires. Attempts to extract these poses further threats. Mining is one of the many threats to Madagascars forests and the many species that rely on them. Wood is also cut for fuel and many logging companies are keen to acquire forest concessions. Another threat is the local form of shifting cultivation known as tavy. Most of Madagascars 13 million human inhabitants depend on the land for their livelihood. Massive amounts of forest are cleared every year by cut and burn techniques for rice cultivation, maize and cassava. Many areas are exhausted of their nutrients and then abandoned, the secondary vegetation that then grows is known as savoka, this is eventually replaced by grassland (Oldfield, 2002). Madagascar is home to a massive 10,000 or so plant species, 80% of which are endemic to the island (Carwardine, 2009). Although Madagascars animal diversity is less striking, many species are unique to the island. Over 250 bird species, nearly half of which are endemic to the island, 300 species of reptiles, over 90% of which are found only on Madagascar (Oldfield, 2002). The islands only amphibians, 178 frog species, all of which are endemic and more than 33 known species of lemur inhabit Madagascar, more than half in its depleting rainforests. According to the Botanist, Henri Perrier de la Bathie, writng in 1921, The once mighty rainforests of Madagascar have declined dramatically. As early as 1921, felling had destroyed ninety per cent of Madagascars forests (Sauther, 2006 ). Biologically, it is regarded as one of the richest areas on the planet (Green, 1990), however, no one has ever managed to make a full evaluation of Madagascars many threatened rainforest species. Conservation-status information on some species of animals and trees has been assembled, but is nowhere near complete. Of the rainforest species of lemurs alone, threatened species include the Indri, as well as the Aye-aye, Hairy-eared Dwarf Lemur, Golden Bamboo Lemur and the Red-bellied Lemur. According to Ian Tattershal in Michelle Sauthers report, Lemurs: Ecology and Adaptations, there is general agreement that the lemurs, including the recently extinct subfossil forms, should be classified into seven families: Cheirogaleidae, the dwarf lemurs with five living genera; Lemuridae, the true lemurs and their close relatives, with five genera (one extinct); Lepilemuridae, with two genera (one extinct); Indriidae, with three living genera, Archaeolemuridae, with two genera (both extinct); Palaeopropithecidae, with four genera (all extinct) and Daubentoniidae, the aye-ayes, with a single living genus and species. Depending on whose classification is accepted, living lemurs may number up to forty different species and possibly even up to seventy two species, if subspecies are included in the count. With these numbers, and despite recent extinctions, Madagascar ranks third highest on the list of high-primate diversity countries worldwide (Sauther, 2009), despite being only one tenth of the size of the world leader, Brazil. All of these species of lemur are endemic to Madagascar. According to the ICUN Red List of Threatened Species, each of these species has different threats to their survival. Many lemurs, such as the Red-ruffed Lemur, and many types of bamboo lemurs are critically endangered. With a drastically reduced habitat there are few left in the wild. The Hairy-eared Dwarf Lemur, Golden-brown Mouse Lemur, and the Black and White Ruffed Lemurs are not as close to extinction, but are listed as endangered. Some of the lemurs listed as vulnerable include the Black Lemur, Crowned Lemur, and a number of Fork-marked Lemurs. Perhaps the most remarkable lemur species have long been extinct. These included the Archaeoindris, which was larger than an adult male gorilla, the Babakotia and the Magaladapsis. All lemurs are protected by law, and in many communities it is considered taboo to kill an Indri, but elsewhere, the Indri, and many other species of lemur, are hunted for food and sometimes sold as bush meat or pets (Carwardne, 2009). Madagascar has suffered environmental degradation over a significant part of its land mass. Once covered with rainforests, most of the Eastern third of Madagascar is now, either barren, or reduced to shrub land. As indigenous vegetation is cut and burned for fuel many areas such as the Spiny forest, which contains many rare plant and animal species endemic to the island, have given way to cactus scrub. Around eighty per cent of the original plant cover has been destroyed and much of the terrain is now degraded grassland (Oldfield, 2002). Each year, a further 1% of Madagascars forests are levelled. This mass deforestation not only affects the land and its inhabitants directly, but also indirectly. Without vegetation to absorb moisture the soil is eroding away at an alarming rate. Enviromental regulations have been in place to protect the forests and species of Madagascar since 1881 and at present, more money is put towards the conservation of Madagascar, than any other part of Africa (Butler, 2009). Madagascar is one of the worlds poorest nations, with a per capita income of approximately $240 per year. About 80 percent of the population are subsistence farmers, many of whom depend entirely on natural capital to support their way of life. The peoples dependency on the land and natural resources is of major consequence to Madagascars ecosystems and endemic biodiversity (Kremen, 2010). The major environmental problems of Madagascar include deforestation, and thus loss of habitat, agricultural fires, erosion and soil degradation and the over exploitation of resources. The deforestation of Madagascar can be mostly attributed to three activities. Tavy, or slash and burn agriculture, logging for timber, and fuel wood and charcoal production. Tavy is a large part of Malagasy culture, and has been since the arrival of humans on the island. It is used to convert tropical rainforest into rice fields. An acre or two of land may be cut or burned; it is then planted with rice. After several years production the land is then left fallow for up to six years before replanting (Kremen, 2010). After several of these cycles the land is exhausted of all its nutrients and no primary vegetation will grow. The land then becomes barren and only scrubs and a few grasses will grow. This vegetation is often insufficient to anchor the soil, especially on slopes, making erosion a problem. According to the ICUN, the high value of Malagasy hardwoods also makes logging for timber a significant problem in many areas of Madagascar, especially in the rainforests of Eastern Madagascar. Even the few areas that are protected are often illegally logged and even the endemic spiny forests of Madagascar are being cut at an alarming rate for charcoal and fuelwood production. Every year, as much as a third of what remains of Madagascars forest burn. Fires set for land clearing and pastureland often spread into adjoining forests ,causing much damage and further reducing the habitat of many species of flora and fauna. For Madagascar, a country that relies on agricultural production as the foundation of its economy, the loss of this soil, due to erosion, is a massive problem. The deforestation of Madagascars central highlands plus weathering has resulted in massive soil erosion accounting for up to 400 tons per year. Every yea,r the cost of environmental damage is approximated to between 100 and 290 billion US dollars. Deforestation represents 75% of this loss and 15% due to the erosion that effects agricultural and pastoral production (Oldfield, 2002). Due to the factors mentioned throughout, and many more, Madagascars species are among the most threatened in the world. Since the arrival of man Madagascar has lost a known 16 species of lemur, including one the size of a gorilla; a pygmy hippo, the largest land bird to ever walk the planet, and giant tortoises, a species that had survived for 200 million years. The ICUN Redlist currently includes 472 Malagasy species at risk of becoming extinct, although this number is probably massively optimistic. Today, Madagascar is arguably the worlds highest conservation priority (ICUN, 2011). Ensuring the survival of lemurs is not only important because they are endemic to Madagascar, but also because they benefit plants and other animals. Many species of lemur are very important seed dispersers for forest trees and pollinators for many of the plants that are also endemic to Madagascar. They are also an important source of food for other animals. The National Association for the Management of Protected Areas in Madagascar (ANGAP) was founded in 1990 to manage Madagascars protected areas system. ANGAPs mission is to safeguard Madagascars ecosystem, research the potential of Madagascars biodiversity, develop environmental education programs for local people, promote potential commercial applications of Madagascars biodiversity, for example ecotourism, and to support sustainable development activities in areas surrounding protected zones. One of ANGAPs goals is to enable local communities to directly benefit from the conservation of Madagascar. Half of the entrance fees to the conservation parks go directly to local communities and visitors can not enter a park without hiring a local guide. ANGAP also works closely with many other organisations and scientists to asses the impact of visitors to the parks and reserves and study the biodiversity of Madagascar. The ANGAP manages the protected areas network in Madagascar (Butler, 200 9). The network includes three types of protected area. Strict nature reserves, national parks, and wildlife reserves. In 2003, at the ICUNs world parks congress, Marc Ravalomanana, the Malagasy president, announced a bold plan to expand the amount of area under protection from approximately 1.7 million hectares to over 6 million hectares. In 2005 the first 10,000 km2 of the new protected areas system of Madagascar was granted protection status and in 2006 1 million hectares was added, both contributing to the overall goal of 10% of Madagascar being protected. This plan also involved broadening the definition of protected areas in Madagascar and legislation has since been passed to allow four new categories of protected area, natural parks, natural monuments, protected landscapes, and national resource reserves (Butler, 2009). Madagascar currently has 19 terrestrial national parks, 2 marine national parks, 5 complete natural reserves, and 21 special reserves. Reference List Baines, E (1997) University of Edinburgh Natural History Museum. Retrieved from http://www.nhc.ed.ac.uk/index.php?page=493.504.513. Accessed 28/4/2011 Burnie, D (2001). Animal. London: Dorling Kindersley Butler, R. (2009) Wild Madagascar. Retrieved from http://www.wildmadagascar.org/history/. Accessed 29/4/2011 Carwardine, M (2009). Last Chance to See. London: Harper Collins Green, G Sussman, R (1990). Science, New Series, Vol. 248, No. 4952, Pages 212 215 Hooper, R (2005). New Scientist Madagascar Reveals Two New Species of Lemur. Retrieved from http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn7818. Accessed 14/4/2011 ICUN, 2011. ICUN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.4. Retrieved from http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/search. Accessed 24/4/2011 Kimball, S et al (2009). USGA Minerals Yearbook, Area Reports: International 2006, Africa and the Middle East. Washington DC, USA: United Staes Government Printing Office Kottak, C (1980). Past in the Present: History, Ecology and Cultural Variation in Highland Madagascar. Chicago, USA: University of Michigan Press Kremen, C (2010). Traditions That Threaten. Retrieved from http://www.pbs.org/edens/madagascar/paradise.htm. Accessed on 1/5/2011 Oldfield, S (2002). Rainforest. London: New Holland Publishers (UK) Sauther, M (2006). Lemurs: Ecology and Adaptation. New York, USA: Springer Science and Business Media